feat: Add texture rendering endpoints and service methods

- Introduced new API endpoints for rendering textures, avatars, capes, and previews, enhancing the texture handling capabilities.
- Implemented corresponding service methods in the TextureHandler to process rendering requests and return appropriate responses.
- Updated the TextureRenderService interface to include methods for rendering textures, avatars, and capes, along with their respective parameters.
- Enhanced error handling for invalid texture IDs and added support for different rendering types and formats.
- Updated go.mod to include the webp library for image processing.

internal/handler/routes.go

@@ -108,6 +108,10 @@ func registerTextureRoutes(v1 *gin.RouterGroup, h *TextureHandler, jwtService *a
 		// 公开路由（无需认证）
 		textureGroup.GET("", h.Search)
 		textureGroup.GET("/:id", h.Get)
+		textureGroup.GET("/:id/render", h.RenderTexture) // type/front/back/full/head/isometric
+		textureGroup.GET("/:id/avatar", h.RenderAvatar)  // mode=2d/3d
+		textureGroup.GET("/:id/cape", h.RenderCape)
+		textureGroup.GET("/:id/preview", h.RenderPreview) // 自动根据类型预览
 
 		// 需要认证的路由
 		textureAuth := textureGroup.Group("")

internal/handler/texture_handler.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package handler
 import (
 	"carrotskin/internal/container"
 	"carrotskin/internal/model"
+	"carrotskin/internal/service"
 	"carrotskin/internal/types"
 	"strconv"
 
@@ -171,6 +172,98 @@ func (h *TextureHandler) Search(c *gin.Context) {
 	})
 }
 
+// RenderTexture 渲染皮肤/披风预览
+func (h *TextureHandler) RenderTexture(c *gin.Context) {
+	textureID, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, "无效的材质ID", err)
+		return
+	}
+	renderType := service.RenderType(c.DefaultQuery("type", string(service.RenderTypeIsometric)))
+	size := parseIntWithDefault(c.DefaultQuery("size", "256"), 256)
+	format := service.ImageFormat(c.DefaultQuery("format", string(service.ImageFormatPNG)))
+
+	result, err := h.container.TextureRenderService.RenderTexture(c.Request.Context(), textureID, renderType, size, format)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, err.Error(), err)
+		return
+	}
+	RespondSuccess(c, toRenderResponse(result))
+}
+
+// RenderAvatar 渲染头像（2D/3D）
+func (h *TextureHandler) RenderAvatar(c *gin.Context) {
+	textureID, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, "无效的材质ID", err)
+		return
+	}
+	mode := service.AvatarMode(c.DefaultQuery("mode", string(service.AvatarMode2D)))
+	size := parseIntWithDefault(c.DefaultQuery("size", "256"), 256)
+	format := service.ImageFormat(c.DefaultQuery("format", string(service.ImageFormatPNG)))
+
+	result, err := h.container.TextureRenderService.RenderAvatar(c.Request.Context(), textureID, size, mode, format)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, err.Error(), err)
+		return
+	}
+	RespondSuccess(c, toRenderResponse(result))
+}
+
+// RenderCape 渲染披风
+func (h *TextureHandler) RenderCape(c *gin.Context) {
+	textureID, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, "无效的材质ID", err)
+		return
+	}
+	size := parseIntWithDefault(c.DefaultQuery("size", "256"), 256)
+	format := service.ImageFormat(c.DefaultQuery("format", string(service.ImageFormatPNG)))
+
+	result, err := h.container.TextureRenderService.RenderCape(c.Request.Context(), textureID, size, format)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, err.Error(), err)
+		return
+	}
+	RespondSuccess(c, toRenderResponse(result))
+}
+
+// RenderPreview 自动选择预览（皮肤走等距，披风走披风渲染）
+func (h *TextureHandler) RenderPreview(c *gin.Context) {
+	textureID, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, "无效的材质ID", err)
+		return
+	}
+	size := parseIntWithDefault(c.DefaultQuery("size", "256"), 256)
+	format := service.ImageFormat(c.DefaultQuery("format", string(service.ImageFormatPNG)))
+
+	result, err := h.container.TextureRenderService.RenderPreview(c.Request.Context(), textureID, size, format)
+	if err != nil {
+		RespondBadRequest(c, err.Error(), err)
+		return
+	}
+	RespondSuccess(c, toRenderResponse(result))
+}
+
+// toRenderResponse 转换为API响应
+func toRenderResponse(r *service.RenderResult) *types.RenderResponse {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	resp := &types.RenderResponse{
+		URL:         r.URL,
+		ContentType: r.ContentType,
+		ETag:        r.ETag,
+		Size:        r.Size,
+	}
+	if !r.LastModified.IsZero() {
+		t := r.LastModified
+		resp.LastModified = &t
+	}
+	return resp
+}
+
 // Update 更新材质
 func (h *TextureHandler) Update(c *gin.Context) {
 	userID, ok := GetUserIDFromContext(c)

internal/model/base.go

@@ -23,3 +23,9 @@ type BaseModel struct {
 }
 
 
+
+
+
+
+
+

internal/repository/yggdrasil_repository.go

@@ -29,3 +29,9 @@ func (r *yggdrasilRepository) GetPasswordByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (st
 func (r *yggdrasilRepository) ResetPassword(ctx context.Context, id int64, password string) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.Yggdrasil{}).Where("id = ?", id).Update("password", password).Error
 }
+
+
+
+
+
+

internal/service/interfaces.go

@@ -141,6 +141,69 @@ type SecurityService interface {
 	ClearVerifyAttempts(ctx context.Context, email, codeType string) error
 }
 
+// TextureRenderService 纹理渲染服务接口
+type TextureRenderService interface {
+	// RenderTexture 渲染纹理为预览图
+	RenderTexture(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, renderType RenderType, size int, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error)
+	// RenderTextureFromData 从原始数据渲染纹理
+	RenderTextureFromData(ctx context.Context, textureData []byte, renderType RenderType, size int, format ImageFormat, isSlim bool) ([]byte, string, error)
+	// GetRenderURL 获取渲染图的URL
+	GetRenderURL(textureID int64, renderType RenderType, size int, format ImageFormat) string
+	// DeleteRenderCache 删除渲染缓存
+	DeleteRenderCache(ctx context.Context, textureID int64) error
+	// RenderAvatar 渲染头像（支持2D/3D模式）
+	RenderAvatar(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, size int, mode AvatarMode, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error)
+	// RenderCape 渲染披风
+	RenderCape(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, size int, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error)
+	// RenderPreview 渲染预览图（类似Blessing Skin的preview功能）
+	RenderPreview(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, size int, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error)
+}
+
+// RenderType 渲染类型
+type RenderType string
+
+const (
+	RenderTypeFront     RenderType = "front"     // 正面
+	RenderTypeBack      RenderType = "back"      // 背面
+	RenderTypeFull      RenderType = "full"      // 全身
+	RenderTypeHead      RenderType = "head"      // 头像
+	RenderTypeIsometric RenderType = "isometric" // 等距视图
+)
+
+// ImageFormat 输出格式
+type ImageFormat string
+
+const (
+	ImageFormatPNG  ImageFormat = "png"
+	ImageFormatWEBP ImageFormat = "webp"
+)
+
+// AvatarMode 头像模式
+type AvatarMode string
+
+const (
+	AvatarMode2D AvatarMode = "2d" // 2D头像
+	AvatarMode3D AvatarMode = "3d" // 3D头像
+)
+
+// TextureType 纹理类型
+type TextureType string
+
+const (
+	TextureTypeSteve TextureType = "steve" // Steve皮肤
+	TextureTypeAlex  TextureType = "alex"  // Alex皮肤
+	TextureTypeCape  TextureType = "cape"  // 披风
+)
+
+// RenderResult 渲染结果（附带缓存/HTTP头信息）
+type RenderResult struct {
+	URL          string
+	ContentType  string
+	ETag         string
+	LastModified time.Time
+	Size         int64
+}
+
 // Services 服务集合
 type Services struct {
 	User         UserService

internal/service/mocks_test.go

@@ -315,6 +315,18 @@ func (m *MockTextureRepository) FindByHash(ctx context.Context, hash string) (*m
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
+func (m *MockTextureRepository) FindByHashAndUploaderID(ctx context.Context, hash string, uploaderID int64) (*model.Texture, error) {
+	if m.FailFind {
+		return nil, errors.New("mock find error")
+	}
+	for _, texture := range m.textures {
+		if texture.Hash == hash && texture.UploaderID == uploaderID {
+			return texture, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
 func (m *MockTextureRepository) FindByUploaderID(ctx context.Context, uploaderID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]*model.Texture, int64, error) {
 	if m.FailFind {
 		return nil, 0, errors.New("mock find error")

internal/service/texture_render_service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,701 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"carrotskin/internal/model"
+	"carrotskin/internal/repository"
+	"carrotskin/pkg/database"
+	"carrotskin/pkg/storage"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"image"
+	"image/color"
+	"image/draw"
+	"image/png"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/chai2010/webp"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+// textureRenderService TextureRenderService的实现
+type textureRenderService struct {
+	textureRepo repository.TextureRepository
+	storage     *storage.StorageClient
+	cache       *database.CacheManager
+	cacheKeys   *database.CacheKeyBuilder
+	logger      *zap.Logger
+}
+
+// NewTextureRenderService 创建TextureRenderService实例
+func NewTextureRenderService(
+	textureRepo repository.TextureRepository,
+	storageClient *storage.StorageClient,
+	cacheManager *database.CacheManager,
+	logger *zap.Logger,
+) TextureRenderService {
+	return &textureRenderService{
+		textureRepo: textureRepo,
+		storage:     storageClient,
+		cache:       cacheManager,
+		cacheKeys:   database.NewCacheKeyBuilder(""),
+		logger:      logger,
+	}
+}
+
+// RenderTexture 渲染纹理为预览图
+func (s *textureRenderService) RenderTexture(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, renderType RenderType, size int, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error) {
+	// 参数验证
+	if size <= 0 || size > 2048 {
+		return nil, errors.New("渲染尺寸必须在1到2048之间")
+	}
+	contentType, err := normalizeFormat(format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// 检查缓存（包含格式）
+	cacheKey := s.cacheKeys.TextureRender(textureID, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", renderType, format), size)
+	var cached RenderResult
+	if err := s.cache.Get(ctx, cacheKey, &cached); err == nil && cached.URL != "" {
+		return &cached, nil
+	}
+
+	// 获取纹理信息
+	texture, err := s.textureRepo.FindByID(ctx, textureID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("获取纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+	if texture == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("纹理不存在")
+	}
+
+	// 从对象存储获取纹理文件
+	textureData, srcInfo, err := s.downloadTexture(ctx, texture.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("下载纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 渲染纹理
+	renderedImage, _, err := s.RenderTextureFromData(ctx, textureData, renderType, size, format, texture.IsSlim)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("渲染纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 保存渲染结果到对象存储
+	result, err := s.saveRenderToStorage(ctx, textureID, texture.Hash, renderType, size, format, renderedImage, contentType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("保存渲染结果失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 若源对象有元信息，透传 LastModified/ETag 作为参考
+	if srcInfo != nil {
+		if result.LastModified.IsZero() {
+			result.LastModified = srcInfo.LastModified
+		}
+		if result.ETag == "" {
+			result.ETag = srcInfo.ETag
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 缓存结果（1小时）
+	if err := s.cache.Set(ctx, cacheKey, result, time.Hour); err != nil {
+		s.logger.Warn("缓存渲染结果失败", zap.Error(err))
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// RenderAvatar 渲染头像（支持2D/3D模式）
+func (s *textureRenderService) RenderAvatar(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, size int, mode AvatarMode, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error) {
+	if size <= 0 || size > 1024 {
+		return nil, errors.New("头像渲染尺寸必须在1到1024之间")
+	}
+	contentType, err := normalizeFormat(format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	renderKey := fmt.Sprintf("avatar-%s", mode)
+	cacheKey := s.cacheKeys.TextureRender(textureID, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", renderKey, format), size)
+	var cached RenderResult
+	if err := s.cache.Get(ctx, cacheKey, &cached); err == nil && cached.URL != "" {
+		return &cached, nil
+	}
+
+	texture, err := s.textureRepo.FindByID(ctx, textureID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("获取纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+	if texture == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("纹理不存在")
+	}
+	if texture.Type != model.TextureTypeSkin {
+		return nil, errors.New("仅皮肤纹理支持头像渲染")
+	}
+
+	textureData, srcInfo, err := s.downloadTexture(ctx, texture.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("下载纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	img, err := png.Decode(bytes.NewReader(textureData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("解码PNG失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var rendered image.Image
+	switch mode {
+	case AvatarMode3D:
+		rendered = s.renderIsometricView(img, texture.IsSlim, size)
+	default:
+		rendered = s.renderHeadView(img, size)
+	}
+
+	encoded, err := encodeImage(rendered, format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("编码渲染头像失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	result, err := s.saveRenderToStorage(ctx, textureID, texture.Hash, RenderType(renderKey), size, format, encoded, contentType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("保存头像渲染失败: %w", err)
+	}
+	if srcInfo != nil && result.LastModified.IsZero() {
+		result.LastModified = srcInfo.LastModified
+	}
+	if err := s.cache.Set(ctx, cacheKey, result, time.Hour); err != nil {
+		s.logger.Warn("缓存头像渲染失败", zap.Error(err))
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// RenderCape 渲染披风
+func (s *textureRenderService) RenderCape(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, size int, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error) {
+	if size <= 0 || size > 2048 {
+		return nil, errors.New("披风渲染尺寸必须在1到2048之间")
+	}
+	contentType, err := normalizeFormat(format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	cacheKey := s.cacheKeys.TextureRender(textureID, fmt.Sprintf("cape:%s", format), size)
+	var cached RenderResult
+	if err := s.cache.Get(ctx, cacheKey, &cached); err == nil && cached.URL != "" {
+		return &cached, nil
+	}
+
+	texture, err := s.textureRepo.FindByID(ctx, textureID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("获取纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+	if texture == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("纹理不存在")
+	}
+	if texture.Type != model.TextureTypeCape {
+		return nil, errors.New("仅披风纹理支持披风渲染")
+	}
+
+	textureData, srcInfo, err := s.downloadTexture(ctx, texture.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("下载纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	img, err := png.Decode(bytes.NewReader(textureData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("解码PNG失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	rendered := s.renderCapeView(img, size)
+
+	encoded, err := encodeImage(rendered, format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("编码披风渲染失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	result, err := s.saveRenderToStorage(ctx, textureID, texture.Hash, RenderType("cape"), size, format, encoded, contentType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("保存披风渲染失败: %w", err)
+	}
+	if srcInfo != nil && result.LastModified.IsZero() {
+		result.LastModified = srcInfo.LastModified
+	}
+
+	if err := s.cache.Set(ctx, cacheKey, result, time.Hour); err != nil {
+		s.logger.Warn("缓存披风渲染失败", zap.Error(err))
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// RenderPreview 渲染预览图（类似 Blessing Skin preview）
+func (s *textureRenderService) RenderPreview(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, size int, format ImageFormat) (*RenderResult, error) {
+	if size <= 0 || size > 2048 {
+		return nil, errors.New("预览渲染尺寸必须在1到2048之间")
+	}
+
+	texture, err := s.textureRepo.FindByID(ctx, textureID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("获取纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+	if texture == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("纹理不存在")
+	}
+
+	switch texture.Type {
+	case model.TextureTypeCape:
+		return s.RenderCape(ctx, textureID, size, format)
+	default:
+		// 使用改进的等距视图作为默认预览
+		return s.RenderTexture(ctx, textureID, RenderTypeIsometric, size, format)
+	}
+}
+
+// RenderTextureFromData 从原始数据渲染纹理
+func (s *textureRenderService) RenderTextureFromData(ctx context.Context, textureData []byte, renderType RenderType, size int, format ImageFormat, isSlim bool) ([]byte, string, error) {
+	// 解码PNG图像
+	img, err := png.Decode(bytes.NewReader(textureData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("解码PNG失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	contentType, err := normalizeFormat(format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+
+	// 根据渲染类型处理图像
+	var renderedImage image.Image
+	switch renderType {
+	case RenderTypeFront:
+		renderedImage = s.renderFrontView(img, isSlim, size)
+	case RenderTypeBack:
+		renderedImage = s.renderBackView(img, isSlim, size)
+	case RenderTypeFull:
+		renderedImage = s.renderFullView(img, isSlim, size)
+	case RenderTypeHead:
+		renderedImage = s.renderHeadView(img, size)
+	case RenderTypeIsometric:
+		renderedImage = s.renderIsometricView(img, isSlim, size)
+	default:
+		return nil, "", errors.New("不支持的渲染类型")
+	}
+
+	encoded, err := encodeImage(renderedImage, format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("编码纹理失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return encoded, contentType, nil
+}
+
+// GetRenderURL 获取渲染图的URL
+func (s *textureRenderService) GetRenderURL(textureID int64, renderType RenderType, size int, format ImageFormat) string {
+	// 构建渲染图的存储路径
+	// 格式: renders/{textureID}/{renderType}/{size}.{ext}
+	ext := string(format)
+	if ext == "" {
+		ext = string(ImageFormatPNG)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("renders/%d/%s/%d.%s", textureID, renderType, size, ext)
+}
+
+// DeleteRenderCache 删除渲染缓存
+func (s *textureRenderService) DeleteRenderCache(ctx context.Context, textureID int64) error {
+	// 删除所有渲染类型与格式的缓存
+	renderTypes := []RenderType{
+		RenderTypeFront, RenderTypeBack, RenderTypeFull, RenderTypeHead,
+		RenderTypeIsometric, RenderType("avatar-2d"), RenderType("avatar-3d"), RenderType("cape"),
+	}
+	formats := []ImageFormat{ImageFormatPNG, ImageFormatWEBP}
+	sizes := []int{64, 128, 256, 512}
+
+	for _, renderType := range renderTypes {
+		for _, size := range sizes {
+			for _, format := range formats {
+				cacheKey := s.cacheKeys.TextureRender(textureID, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", renderType, format), size)
+				if err := s.cache.Delete(ctx, cacheKey); err != nil {
+					s.logger.Warn("删除渲染缓存失败", zap.Error(err))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// downloadTexture 从对象存储下载纹理
+func (s *textureRenderService) downloadTexture(ctx context.Context, textureURL string) ([]byte, *storage.ObjectInfo, error) {
+	// 先直接通过 HTTP GET 下载（对公有/匿名可读对象最兼容）
+	if resp, httpErr := http.Get(textureURL); httpErr == nil && resp != nil && resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+		defer resp.Body.Close()
+		body, readErr := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		if readErr == nil {
+			var lm time.Time
+			if t, parseErr := http.ParseTime(resp.Header.Get("Last-Modified")); parseErr == nil {
+				lm = t
+			}
+			return body, &storage.ObjectInfo{
+				Size:         resp.ContentLength,
+				LastModified: lm,
+				ContentType:  resp.Header.Get("Content-Type"),
+				ETag:         resp.Header.Get("ETag"),
+			}, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 若 HTTP 失败，再尝试通过对象存储 SDK 访问
+	bucket, objectName, err := s.storage.ParseFileURL(textureURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("解析纹理URL失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	reader, info, err := s.storage.GetObject(ctx, bucket, objectName)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.logger.Error("获取纹理对象失败",
+			zap.String("texture_url", textureURL),
+			zap.String("bucket", bucket),
+			zap.String("object", objectName),
+			zap.Error(err),
+		)
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("获取纹理对象失败: bucket=%s object=%s err=%v", bucket, objectName, err)
+	}
+	defer reader.Close()
+
+	data, readErr := io.ReadAll(reader)
+	if readErr != nil {
+		return nil, nil, readErr
+	}
+	return data, info, nil
+}
+
+// saveRenderToStorage 保存渲染结果到对象存储
+func (s *textureRenderService) saveRenderToStorage(ctx context.Context, textureID int64, textureHash string, renderType RenderType, size int, format ImageFormat, imageData []byte, contentType string) (*RenderResult, error) {
+	// 获取存储桶
+	bucketName, err := s.storage.GetBucket("renders")
+	if err != nil {
+		// 如果renders桶不存在，使用textures桶
+		bucketName, err = s.storage.GetBucket("textures")
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("获取存储桶失败: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(textureHash) < 4 {
+		return nil, errors.New("纹理哈希长度不足，无法生成路径")
+	}
+
+	ext := string(format)
+	objectName := fmt.Sprintf("renders/%s/%s/%s_%s_%d.%s",
+		textureHash[:2], textureHash[2:4], textureHash, renderType, size, ext)
+
+	// 上传到对象存储
+	reader := bytes.NewReader(imageData)
+	if err := s.storage.UploadObject(ctx, bucketName, objectName, reader, int64(len(imageData)), contentType); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("上传渲染结果失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	etag := sha256.Sum256(imageData)
+	result := &RenderResult{
+		URL:          s.storage.BuildFileURL(bucketName, objectName),
+		ContentType:  contentType,
+		ETag:         hex.EncodeToString(etag[:]),
+		LastModified: time.Now().UTC(),
+		Size:         int64(len(imageData)),
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// renderFrontView 渲染正面视图（分块+第二层，含 Alex/Steve）
+func (s *textureRenderService) renderFrontView(img image.Image, isSlim bool, size int) image.Image {
+	base := composeFrontModel(img, isSlim)
+	return scaleNearest(base, size, size)
+}
+
+// renderBackView 渲染背面视图（分块+第二层）
+func (s *textureRenderService) renderBackView(img image.Image, isSlim bool, size int) image.Image {
+	base := composeBackModel(img, isSlim)
+	return scaleNearest(base, size, size)
+}
+
+// renderFullView 渲染全身视图（正面+背面）
+func (s *textureRenderService) renderFullView(img image.Image, isSlim bool, size int) image.Image {
+	front := composeFrontModel(img, isSlim)
+	back := composeBackModel(img, isSlim)
+
+	full := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, front.Bounds().Dx()+back.Bounds().Dx(), front.Bounds().Dy()))
+	draw.Draw(full, image.Rect(0, 0, front.Bounds().Dx(), front.Bounds().Dy()), front, image.Point{}, draw.Src)
+	draw.Draw(full, image.Rect(front.Bounds().Dx(), 0, full.Bounds().Dx(), full.Bounds().Dy()), back, image.Point{}, draw.Src)
+
+	return scaleNearest(full, size*2, size)
+}
+
+// renderHeadView 渲染头像视图（包含第二层帽子）
+func (s *textureRenderService) renderHeadView(img image.Image, size int) image.Image {
+	headBase := safeCrop(img, image.Rect(8, 8, 16, 16))
+	headOverlay := safeCrop(img, image.Rect(40, 8, 48, 16))
+
+	if headBase == nil {
+		// 返回空白头像
+		return scaleNearest(image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 8, 8)), size, size)
+	}
+
+	canvas := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, headBase.Bounds().Dx(), headBase.Bounds().Dy()))
+	draw.Draw(canvas, canvas.Bounds(), headBase, headBase.Bounds().Min, draw.Src)
+	if headOverlay != nil {
+		draw.Draw(canvas, canvas.Bounds(), headOverlay, headOverlay.Bounds().Min, draw.Over)
+	}
+
+	return scaleNearest(canvas, size, size)
+}
+
+// renderIsometricView 渲染等距视图（改进 3D）
+func (s *textureRenderService) renderIsometricView(img image.Image, isSlim bool, size int) image.Image {
+	result := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, size, size))
+
+	bgColor := color.RGBA{240, 240, 240, 255}
+	draw.Draw(result, result.Bounds(), &image.Uniform{bgColor}, image.Point{}, draw.Src)
+
+	front := scaleNearest(composeFrontModel(img, isSlim), size/2, size/2)
+
+	for y := 0; y < front.Bounds().Dy(); y++ {
+		for x := 0; x < front.Bounds().Dx(); x++ {
+			destX := x + size/4
+			destY := y + size/4
+			depth := float64(x) / float64(front.Bounds().Dx())
+			brightness := 1.0 - depth*0.25
+
+			c := front.At(x, y)
+			r, g, b, a := c.RGBA()
+			newR := uint32(float64(r) * brightness)
+			newG := uint32(float64(g) * brightness)
+			newB := uint32(float64(b) * brightness)
+
+			if a > 0 {
+				result.Set(destX, destY, color.RGBA64{
+					R: uint16(newR),
+					G: uint16(newG),
+					B: uint16(newB),
+					A: uint16(a),
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	borderColor := color.RGBA{200, 200, 200, 255}
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		drawLine(result, size/4, size/4, size*3/4, size/4, borderColor)
+		drawLine(result, size/4, size*3/4, size*3/4, size*3/4, borderColor)
+		drawLine(result, size/4, size/4, size/4, size*3/4, borderColor)
+		drawLine(result, size*3/4, size/4, size*3/4, size*3/4, borderColor)
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// drawLine 绘制直线
+func drawLine(img *image.RGBA, x1, y1, x2, y2 int, c color.Color) {
+	dx := abs(x2 - x1)
+	dy := abs(y2 - y1)
+	sx := -1
+	if x1 < x2 {
+		sx = 1
+	}
+	sy := -1
+	if y1 < y2 {
+		sy = 1
+	}
+	err := dx - dy
+
+	for {
+		img.Set(x1, y1, c)
+		if x1 == x2 && y1 == y2 {
+			break
+		}
+		e2 := 2 * err
+		if e2 > -dy {
+			err -= dy
+			x1 += sx
+		}
+		if e2 < dx {
+			err += dx
+			y1 += sy
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// abs 绝对值
+func abs(x int) int {
+	if x < 0 {
+		return -x
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// renderCapeView 渲染披风（等比缩放）
+func (s *textureRenderService) renderCapeView(img image.Image, size int) image.Image {
+	srcBounds := img.Bounds()
+	if srcBounds.Dx() == 0 || srcBounds.Dy() == 0 {
+		return img
+	}
+	targetWidth := size * 2
+	targetHeight := size
+	return scaleNearest(img, targetWidth, targetHeight)
+}
+
+// composeFrontModel 组合正面分块（含第二层）
+func composeFrontModel(img image.Image, isSlim bool) *image.RGBA {
+	canvas := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 16, 32))
+	armW := 4
+	if isSlim {
+		armW = 3
+	}
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(4, 0, 12, 8),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(8, 8, 16, 16)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(40, 8, 48, 16)))
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(4, 8, 12, 20),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(20, 20, 28, 32)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(20, 36, 28, 48)))
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(0, 8, armW, 20),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(44, 20, 48, 32)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(44, 36, 48, 48)))
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(16-armW, 8, 16, 20),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(36, 52, 40, 64)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(52, 52, 56, 64)))
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(4, 20, 8, 32),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(4, 20, 8, 32)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(4, 36, 8, 48)))
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(8, 20, 12, 32),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(20, 52, 24, 64)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(4, 52, 8, 64)))
+
+	return canvas
+}
+
+// composeBackModel 组合背面分块（含第二层）
+func composeBackModel(img image.Image, isSlim bool) *image.RGBA {
+	canvas := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 16, 32))
+	armW := 4
+	if isSlim {
+		armW = 3
+	}
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(4, 0, 12, 8),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(24, 8, 32, 16)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(56, 8, 64, 16)))
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(4, 8, 12, 20),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(32, 20, 40, 32)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(32, 36, 40, 48)))
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(0, 8, armW, 20),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(52, 20, 56, 32)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(52, 36, 56, 48)))
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(16-armW, 8, 16, 20),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(44, 52, 48, 64)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(60, 52, 64, 64)))
+
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(4, 20, 8, 32),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(12, 20, 16, 32)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(12, 36, 16, 48)))
+	drawLayeredPart(canvas, image.Rect(8, 20, 12, 32),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(28, 52, 32, 64)),
+		safeCrop(img, image.Rect(12, 52, 16, 64)))
+
+	return canvas
+}
+
+// drawLayeredPart 绘制单个分块（基础层+第二层）
+func drawLayeredPart(dst draw.Image, dstRect image.Rectangle, base image.Image, overlay image.Image) {
+	if base == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	dstW := dstRect.Dx()
+	dstH := dstRect.Dy()
+
+	for y := 0; y < dstH; y++ {
+		for x := 0; x < dstW; x++ {
+			srcX := base.Bounds().Min.X + x*base.Bounds().Dx()/dstW
+			srcY := base.Bounds().Min.Y + y*base.Bounds().Dy()/dstH
+			dst.Set(dstRect.Min.X+x, dstRect.Min.Y+y, base.At(srcX, srcY))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if overlay != nil {
+		for y := 0; y < dstH; y++ {
+			for x := 0; x < dstW; x++ {
+				srcX := overlay.Bounds().Min.X + x*overlay.Bounds().Dx()/dstW
+				srcY := overlay.Bounds().Min.Y + y*overlay.Bounds().Dy()/dstH
+				dst.Set(dstRect.Min.X+x, dstRect.Min.Y+y, overlay.At(srcX, srcY))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// safeCrop 安全裁剪（超界返回nil）
+func safeCrop(img image.Image, rect image.Rectangle) image.Image {
+	b := img.Bounds()
+	if rect.Min.X < 0 || rect.Min.Y < 0 || rect.Max.X > b.Max.X || rect.Max.Y > b.Max.Y {
+		return nil
+	}
+	subImg := image.NewRGBA(rect)
+	draw.Draw(subImg, rect, img, rect.Min, draw.Src)
+	return subImg
+}
+
+// scaleNearest 最近邻缩放
+func scaleNearest(src image.Image, targetW, targetH int) *image.RGBA {
+	dst := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, targetW, targetH))
+	srcBounds := src.Bounds()
+	for y := 0; y < targetH; y++ {
+		for x := 0; x < targetW; x++ {
+			srcX := srcBounds.Min.X + x*srcBounds.Dx()/targetW
+			srcY := srcBounds.Min.Y + y*srcBounds.Dy()/targetH
+			dst.Set(x, y, src.At(srcX, srcY))
+		}
+	}
+	return dst
+}
+
+// normalizeFormat 校验输出格式
+func normalizeFormat(format ImageFormat) (string, error) {
+	if format == "" {
+		format = ImageFormatPNG
+	}
+	switch format {
+	case ImageFormatPNG:
+		return "image/png", nil
+	case ImageFormatWEBP:
+		return "image/webp", nil
+	default:
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("不支持的输出格式: %s", format)
+	}
+}
+
+// encodeImage 将图像编码为指定格式
+func encodeImage(img image.Image, format ImageFormat) ([]byte, error) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	switch format {
+	case ImageFormatWEBP:
+		if err := webp.Encode(&buf, img, &webp.Options{Lossless: true}); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	default:
+		if err := png.Encode(&buf, img); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return buf.Bytes(), nil
+}

internal/service/texture_service_test.go

@@ -494,7 +494,8 @@ func TestTextureServiceImpl_Create(t *testing.T) {
 	_ = userRepo.Create(context.Background(), testUser)
 
 	cacheManager := NewMockCacheManager()
-	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, cacheManager, logger)
+	// 在测试中传入nil作为storageClient，因为测试不涉及文件上传
+	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, nil, cacheManager, logger)
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name        string
@@ -531,13 +532,13 @@ func TestTextureServiceImpl_Create(t *testing.T) {
 			wantErr:     true,
 		},
 		{
-			name:        "材质Hash已存在",
+			name:        "材质Hash已存在，应该成功创建并复用URL",
 			uploaderID:  1,
 			textureName: "DuplicateTexture",
 			textureType: "SKIN",
 			hash:        "existing-hash",
-			wantErr:     true,
-			errContains: "已存在",
+			wantErr:     false, // 业务逻辑允许相同Hash存在，只是复用URL
+			errContains: "",
 			setupMocks: func() {
 				_ = textureRepo.Create(context.Background(), &model.Texture{
 					ID:         100,
@@ -617,7 +618,7 @@ func TestTextureServiceImpl_GetByID(t *testing.T) {
 	_ = textureRepo.Create(context.Background(), testTexture)
 
 	cacheManager := NewMockCacheManager()
-	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, cacheManager, logger)
+	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, nil, cacheManager, logger)
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
@@ -675,7 +676,7 @@ func TestTextureServiceImpl_GetByUserID_And_Search(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	cacheManager := NewMockCacheManager()
-	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, cacheManager, logger)
+	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, nil, cacheManager, logger)
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -714,7 +715,7 @@ func TestTextureServiceImpl_Update_And_Delete(t *testing.T) {
 	_ = textureRepo.Create(context.Background(), texture)
 
 	cacheManager := NewMockCacheManager()
-	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, cacheManager, logger)
+	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, nil, cacheManager, logger)
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -764,7 +765,7 @@ func TestTextureServiceImpl_FavoritesAndLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	cacheManager := NewMockCacheManager()
-	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, cacheManager, logger)
+	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, nil, cacheManager, logger)
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -807,7 +808,7 @@ func TestTextureServiceImpl_ToggleFavorite(t *testing.T) {
 	_ = textureRepo.Create(context.Background(), testTexture)
 
 	cacheManager := NewMockCacheManager()
-	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, cacheManager, logger)
+	textureService := NewTextureService(textureRepo, userRepo, nil, cacheManager, logger)
 
 	ctx := context.Background()