diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 2316f1890..3ba714828 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ hmcl-exported-logs-*
 /.local/
 /.cache/
 
+# IANA Language Subtag Registry
+language-subtag-registry
+
 # gradle build
 /build/
 /HMCL/build/
diff --git a/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/DefaultResourceBundleControl.java b/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/DefaultResourceBundleControl.java
index 6c41f3984..076faff83 100644
--- a/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/DefaultResourceBundleControl.java
+++ b/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/DefaultResourceBundleControl.java
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import java.util.ResourceBundle;
 /// - For all Chinese locales, `zh-CN` is always added to the candidate list. If `zh-Hans` already exists in the candidate list,
 ///   `zh-CN` is inserted before `zh`; otherwise, it is inserted after `zh`.
 /// - For all Traditional Chinese locales, `zh-TW` is always added to the candidate list (before `zh`).
-/// - For all [supported][LocaleUtils#mapToISO2Language(String)] ISO 639-3 language code (such as `eng`, `zho`, `lzh`, etc.),
+/// - For all supported ISO 639-3 language code (such as `eng`, `zho`, `lzh`, etc.),
 ///  a candidate list with the language code replaced by the ISO 639-1 (Macro)language code is added to the end of the candidate list.
 ///
 /// @author Glavo
diff --git a/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtils.java b/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtils.java
index 3d36152b8..7cf7ece16 100644
--- a/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtils.java
+++ b/HMCLCore/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtils.java
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
  */
 package org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.i18n;
 
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.Lang;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.StringUtils;
-import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.io.IOUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.NativeUtils;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.OperatingSystem;
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.util.platform.windows.Kernel32;
@@ -29,6 +27,8 @@ import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Unmodifiable;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.time.Duration;
@@ -48,66 +48,74 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
 
     public static final Locale SYSTEM_DEFAULT = Locale.getDefault();
 
+    public static final boolean IS_CHINA_MAINLAND = isChinaMainland();
+
+    private static boolean isChinaMainland() {
+        if ("Asia/Shanghai".equals(ZoneId.systemDefault().getId()))
+            return true;
+
+        // Check if the time zone is UTC+8
+        if (ZonedDateTime.now().getOffset().getTotalSeconds() == Duration.ofHours(8).toSeconds()) {
+            if ("CN".equals(LocaleUtils.SYSTEM_DEFAULT.getCountry()))
+                return true;
+
+            if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.WINDOWS && NativeUtils.USE_JNA) {
+                Kernel32 kernel32 = Kernel32.INSTANCE;
+
+                // https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/intl/table-of-geographical-locations
+                if (kernel32 != null && kernel32.GetUserGeoID(WinConstants.GEOCLASS_NATION) == 45) // China
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
     public static final Locale LOCALE_ZH_HANS = Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-Hans");
     public static final Locale LOCALE_ZH_HANT = Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-Hant");
 
     public static final String DEFAULT_LANGUAGE_KEY = "default";
 
-    private static final Map<String, String> subLanguageToParent = new HashMap<>();
-    private static final Map<String, String> iso3To2 = new HashMap<>();
-    private static final Set<String> rtl = new HashSet<>();
+    private static final Map<String, String> PARENT_LANGUAGE = loadCSV("sublanguages.csv");
+    private static final Map<String, String> NORMALIZED_TAG = loadCSV("language_aliases.csv");
+    private static final Map<String, String> DEFAULT_SCRIPT = loadCSV("default_script.csv");
+    private static final Map<String, String> PREFERRED_LANGUAGE = Map.of("zh", "cmn");
+    private static final Set<String> RTL_SCRIPTS = Set.of("Qabs", "Arab", "Hebr");
+    private static final Set<String> CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS = Set.of("TW", "HK", "MO");
 
-    static {
-        try {
-            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv")).lines())) {
-                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                String[] languages = line.split(",");
-                if (languages.length < 2) {
-                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in sublanguages.csv: " + line);
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                String parent = languages[0];
-                for (int i = 1; i < languages.length; i++) {
-                    subLanguageToParent.put(languages[i], parent);
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (Throwable e) {
-            LOG.warning("Failed to load sublanguages.csv", e);
+    /// Load CSV files located in `/assets/lang/`.
+    /// Each line in these files contains at least two elements.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if a file contains `value0,value1,value2`, the return value will be `{value1=value0, value2=value0}`.
+    private static Map<String, String> loadCSV(String fileName) {
+        InputStream resource = LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/" + fileName);
+        if (resource == null) {
+            LOG.warning("Can't find file: " + fileName);
+            return Map.of();
         }
 
-        try {
-            // Line Format: (?<iso2>[a-z]{2}),(?<iso3>[a-z]{3})
-            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/iso_languages.csv")).lines())) {
-                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
-                    continue;
+        HashMap<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();
+        try (resource) {
+            new String(resource.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).lines().forEach(line -> {
+                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank())
+                    return;
+
+                String[] items = line.split(",");
+                if (items.length < 2) {
+                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in " + fileName + ": " + line);
+                    return;
                 }
 
-                String[] parts = line.split(",", 3);
-                if (parts.length != 2) {
-                    LOG.warning("Invalid line in iso_languages.csv: " + line);
-                    continue;
+                String parent = items[0];
+                for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
+                    result.put(items[i], parent);
                 }
-
-                iso3To2.put(parts[1], parts[0]);
-            }
+            });
         } catch (Throwable e) {
-            LOG.warning("Failed to load iso_languages.csv", e);
+            LOG.warning("Failed to load " + fileName, e);
         }
 
-        try {
-            for (String line : Lang.toIterable(IOUtils.readFullyAsString(LocaleUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("/assets/lang/rtl.txt")).lines())) {
-                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                rtl.add(line.trim());
-            }
-        } catch (Throwable e) {
-            LOG.warning("Failed to load rtl.txt", e);
-        }
+        return Map.copyOf(result);
     }
 
     private static Locale getInstance(String language, String script, String region,
@@ -130,6 +138,31 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
                 : locale.stripExtensions().toLanguageTag();
     }
 
+    public static boolean isEnglish(Locale locale) {
+        return "en".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isChinese(Locale locale) {
+        return "zh".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
+    }
+
+    // ---
+
+    /// Normalize the language code to the code in the IANA Language Subtag Registry.
+    /// Typically, it normalizes ISO 639 alpha-3 codes to ISO 639 alpha-2 codes.
+    public static @NotNull String normalizeLanguage(String language) {
+        return language.isEmpty()
+                ? "en"
+                : NORMALIZED_TAG.getOrDefault(language, language);
+    }
+
+    /// If `language` is a sublanguage of a [macrolanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage),
+    /// return the macrolanguage; otherwise, return `null`.
+    public static @Nullable String getParentLanguage(String language) {
+        return PARENT_LANGUAGE.get(language);
+    }
+
+    /// @see #getRootLanguage(String)
     public static @NotNull String getRootLanguage(Locale locale) {
         return getRootLanguage(locale.getLanguage());
     }
@@ -140,54 +173,54 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
     /// - If `language` is empty, return `en`;
     /// - Otherwise, return the `language`.
     public static @NotNull String getRootLanguage(String language) {
-        if (language.isEmpty()) return "en";
-        if (language.length() <= 2)
-            return language;
-
-        String iso2 = mapToISO2Language(language);
-        if (iso2 != null)
-            return iso2;
+        language = normalizeLanguage(language);
 
         String parent = getParentLanguage(language);
         return parent != null ? parent : language;
     }
 
+    /// If `language` is a macrolanguage, try to map it to the most commonly used individual language.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if `language` is `zh`, this method will return `cmn`.
+    public static @NotNull String getPreferredLanguage(String language) {
+        language = normalizeLanguage(language);
+        return PREFERRED_LANGUAGE.getOrDefault(language, language);
+    }
+
     /// Get the script of the locale. If the script is empty and the language is Chinese,
     /// the script will be inferred based on the language, the region and the variant.
     public static @NotNull String getScript(Locale locale) {
         if (locale.getScript().isEmpty()) {
-            if (isEnglish(locale)) {
-                if ("UD".equals(locale.getCountry())) {
-                    return "Qabs";
-                }
+            if (!locale.getVariant().isEmpty()) {
+                String script = DEFAULT_SCRIPT.get(locale.getVariant());
+                if (script != null)
+                    return script;
             }
 
-            if (isChinese(locale)) {
-                if (CHINESE_LATN_VARIANTS.contains(locale.getVariant()))
-                    return "Latn";
-                if (locale.getLanguage().equals("lzh") || CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS.contains(locale.getCountry()))
-                    return "Hant";
-                else
-                    return "Hans";
+            if ("UD".equals(locale.getCountry())) {
+                return "Qabs";
             }
+
+            String script = DEFAULT_SCRIPT.get(normalizeLanguage(locale.getLanguage()));
+            if (script != null)
+                return script;
+
+            if (isChinese(locale)) {
+                return CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS.contains(locale.getCountry())
+                        ? "Hant"
+                        : "Hans";
+            }
+
+            return "";
         }
 
         return locale.getScript();
     }
 
     public static @NotNull TextDirection getTextDirection(Locale locale) {
-        TextDirection direction = rtl.contains(getRootLanguage(locale))
+        return RTL_SCRIPTS.contains(getScript(locale))
                 ? TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT
                 : TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT;
-
-        if ("Qabs".equals(getScript(locale))) {
-            direction = switch (direction) {
-                case RIGHT_TO_LEFT -> TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT;
-                case LEFT_TO_RIGHT -> TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT;
-            };
-        }
-
-        return direction;
     }
 
     private static final ConcurrentMap<Locale, List<Locale>> CANDIDATE_LOCALES = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
@@ -196,13 +229,8 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
         return CANDIDATE_LOCALES.computeIfAbsent(locale, LocaleUtils::createCandidateLocaleList);
     }
 
-    // -------------
-
     private static List<Locale> createCandidateLocaleList(Locale locale) {
-        String language = locale.getLanguage();
-        if (language.isEmpty())
-            return List.of(Locale.ENGLISH, Locale.ROOT);
-
+        String language = getPreferredLanguage(locale.getLanguage());
         String script = getScript(locale);
         String region = locale.getCountry();
         List<String> variants = locale.getVariant().isEmpty()
@@ -211,18 +239,7 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
 
         ArrayList<Locale> result = new ArrayList<>();
         do {
-            String currentLanguage;
-
-            if (language.length() <= 2) {
-                currentLanguage = language;
-            } else {
-                String iso2 = mapToISO2Language(language);
-                currentLanguage = iso2 != null
-                        ? iso2
-                        : language;
-            }
-
-            addCandidateLocales(result, currentLanguage, script, region, variants);
+            addCandidateLocales(result, language, script, region, variants);
         } while ((language = getParentLanguage(language)) != null);
 
         result.add(Locale.ROOT);
@@ -367,54 +384,6 @@ public final class LocaleUtils {
         return Map.of();
     }
 
-    // ---
-
-    /// Map ISO 639 alpha-3 language codes to ISO 639 alpha-2 language codes.
-    /// Returns `null` if there is no corresponding ISO 639 alpha-2 language code.
-    public static @Nullable String mapToISO2Language(String iso3Language) {
-        return iso3To2.get(iso3Language);
-    }
-
-    /// If `language` is a sublanguage of a [macrolanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage),
-    /// return the macrolanguage; otherwise, return `null`.
-    public static @Nullable String getParentLanguage(String language) {
-        return subLanguageToParent.get(language);
-    }
-
-    public static boolean isEnglish(Locale locale) {
-        return "en".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
-    }
-
-    public static final Set<String> CHINESE_TRADITIONAL_REGIONS = Set.of("TW", "HK", "MO");
-    public static final Set<String> CHINESE_LATN_VARIANTS = Set.of("pinyin", "wadegile", "tongyong");
-
-    public static boolean isChinese(Locale locale) {
-        return "zh".equals(getRootLanguage(locale));
-    }
-
-    public static final boolean IS_CHINA_MAINLAND = isChinaMainland();
-
-    private static boolean isChinaMainland() {
-        if ("Asia/Shanghai".equals(ZoneId.systemDefault().getId()))
-            return true;
-
-        // Check if the time zone is UTC+8
-        if (ZonedDateTime.now().getOffset().getTotalSeconds() == Duration.ofHours(8).toSeconds()) {
-            if ("CN".equals(LocaleUtils.SYSTEM_DEFAULT.getCountry()))
-                return true;
-
-            if (OperatingSystem.CURRENT_OS == OperatingSystem.WINDOWS && NativeUtils.USE_JNA) {
-                Kernel32 kernel32 = Kernel32.INSTANCE;
-
-                // https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/intl/table-of-geographical-locations
-                if (kernel32 != null && kernel32.GetUserGeoID(WinConstants.GEOCLASS_NATION) == 45) // China
-                    return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
     private LocaleUtils() {
     }
 }
diff --git a/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/default_script.csv b/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/default_script.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b90629fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/default_script.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Arab,ar,fa,ps,ur
+Armn,hy
+Beng,as,bn
+Blis,zbl
+Cyrl,ab,be,bg,kk,mk,ru,uk
+Deva,hi,mr,ne,kok,mai
+Ethi,am,ti
+Geor,ka
+Grek,el
+Gujr,gu
+Guru,pa
+Hant,lzh
+Hebr,he,yi
+Jpan,ja
+Khmr,km
+Knda,kn
+Kore,ko
+Laoo,lo
+Latn,af,ay,bs,ca,ch,cs,cy,da,de,en,eo,es,et,eu,fi,fj,fo,fr,fy,ga,gl,gn,gv,hr,ht,hu,id,is,it,kl,la,lb,ln,lt,lv,mg,mh,ms,mt,na,nb,nd,nl,nn,no,nr,ny,om,pl,pt,qu,rm,rn,ro,rw,sg,sk,sl,sm,so,sq,ss,st,sv,sw,tl,tn,to,tr,ts,ve,vi,xh,zu,dsb,frr,frs,gsw,hsb,men,nds,niu,nso,tem,tkl,tmh,tpi,tvl,tailo,pinyin,hepburn,pehoeji,tongyong,wadegile
+Mlym,ml
+Mymr,my
+Nkoo,nqo
+Orya,or
+Sinh,si
+Taml,ta
+Telu,te
+Thaa,dv
+Thai,th
+Tibt,dz
diff --git a/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/iso_languages.csv b/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/language_aliases.csv
similarity index 99%
rename from HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/iso_languages.csv
rename to HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/language_aliases.csv
index 732d28d7e..4e828a319 100644
--- a/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/iso_languages.csv
+++ b/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/language_aliases.csv
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ io,ido
 is,isl
 it,ita
 iu,iku
-iw,heb
 ja,jpn
 ji,yid
 jv,jav
diff --git a/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/rtl.txt b/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/rtl.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index cbd40fc72..000000000
--- a/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/rtl.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-ar
-fa
-he
-ps
-ur
-yi
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv b/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv
index 5c8217c0e..4a4a3e362 100644
--- a/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv
+++ b/HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv
@@ -1 +1,63 @@
-zh,cdo,cjy,cmn,cnp,cpx,csp,czh,czo,gan,hak,hnm,hsn,luh,lzh,mnp,nan,sjc,wuu,yue
\ No newline at end of file
+ak,tw,fat
+ar,aao,abh,abv,acm,acq,acw,acx,acy,adf,aeb,aec,afb,apc,apd,arb,arq,ars,ary,arz,auz,avl,ayh,ayl,ayn,ayp,pga,shu,ssh
+ay,ayc,ayr
+az,azb,azj
+cr,crj,crk,crl,crm,csw,cwd
+et,ekk,vro
+fa,pes,prs
+ff,ffm,fub,fuc,fue,fuf,fuh,fui,fuq,fuv
+gn,gnw,gug,gui,gun,nhd
+ik,esi,esk
+iu,ike,ikt
+kg,kng,kwy,ldi
+kr,kby,knc,krt
+ku,ckb,kmr,sdh
+kv,koi,kpv
+lv,ltg,lvs
+mg,bhr,bmm,bzc,msh,plt,skg,tdx,tkg,txy,xmv,xmw
+mn,khk,mvf
+ms,id,bjn,btj,bve,bvu,coa,dup,hji,jak,jax,kvb,kvr,kxd,lce,lcf,liw,max,meo,mfa,mfb,min,mqg,msi,mui,orn,ors,pel,pse,tmw,urk,vkk,vkt,xmm,zlm,zmi,zsm
+ne,dty,npi
+no,nb,nn
+oj,ciw,ojb,ojc,ojg,ojs,ojw,otw
+om,gax,gaz,hae,orc
+or,ory,spv
+ps,pbt,pbu,pst
+qu,qub,qud,quf,qug,quh,quk,qul,qup,qur,qus,quw,qux,quy,quz,qva,qvc,qve,qvh,qvi,qvj,qvl,qvm,qvn,qvo,qvp,qvs,qvw,qvz,qwa,qwc,qwh,qws,qxa,qxc,qxh,qxl,qxn,qxo,qxp,qxr,qxt,qxu,qxw
+sa,cls,vsn
+sc,sdc,sdn,src,sro
+sh,bs,hr,sr,cnr
+sq,aae,aat,aln,als
+sw,swc,swh
+uz,uzn,uzs
+yi,ydd,yih
+za,zch,zeh,zgb,zgm,zgn,zhd,zhn,zlj,zln,zlq,zqe,zyb,zyg,zyj,zyn,zzj
+zh,cdo,cjy,cmn,cnp,cpx,csp,czh,czo,gan,hak,hnm,hsn,luh,lzh,mnp,nan,sjc,wuu,yue
+bal,bcc,bgn,bgp
+bik,bcl,bln,bto,cts,fbl,lbl,rbl,ubl
+bnc,ebk,lbk,obk,rbk,vbk
+bua,bxm,bxr,bxu
+chm,mhr,mrj
+del,umu,unm
+den,scs,xsl
+din,dib,dik,dip,diw,dks
+doi,dgo,xnr
+gba,bdt,gbp,gbq,gmm,gso,gya
+gon,esg,gno,wsg
+grb,gbo,gec,grj,grv,gry
+hai,hax,hdn
+hmn,cqd,hea,hma,hmc,hmd,hme,hmg,hmh,hmi,hmj,hml,hmm,hmp,hmq,hms,hmw,hmy,hmz,hnj,hrm,huj,mmr,muq,mww,sfm
+jrb,aju,jye,yhd,yud
+kln,enb,eyo,niq,oki,pko,sgc,spy,tec,tuy
+kok,gom,knn
+kpe,gkp,xpe
+lah,hnd,hno,jat,phr,pnb,skr,xhe
+luy,bxk,ida,lkb,lko,lks,lri,lrm,lsm,lto,lts,lwg,nle,nyd,rag
+man,emk,mku,mlq,mnk,msc,mwk
+mwr,dhd,mtr,mve,rwr,swv,wry
+raj,bgq,gda,gju,hoj,mup,wbr
+rom,rmc,rmf,rml,rmn,rmo,rmw,rmy
+syr,aii,cld
+tmh,taq,thv,thz,ttq
+zap,zaa,zab,zac,zad,zae,zaf,zai,zam,zao,zaq,zar,zas,zat,zav,zaw,zax,zca,zcd,zoo,zpa,zpb,zpc,zpd,zpe,zpf,zpg,zph,zpi,zpj,zpk,zpl,zpm,zpn,zpo,zpp,zpq,zpr,zps,zpt,zpu,zpv,zpw,zpx,zpy,zpz,zsr,zte,ztg,ztl,ztm,ztn,ztp,ztq,zts,ztt,ztu,ztx,zty
+zza,diq,kiu
diff --git a/HMCLCore/src/test/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtilsTest.java b/HMCLCore/src/test/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtilsTest.java
index 64bce19f4..6918ed2ab 100644
--- a/HMCLCore/src/test/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtilsTest.java
+++ b/HMCLCore/src/test/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/util/i18n/LocaleUtilsTest.java
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
@@ -41,55 +40,76 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
                 LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(Locale.forLanguageTag(languageTag))
                         .stream()
                         .map(Locale::toLanguageTag)
-                        .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+                        .toList());
+    }
+
+    private static void assertCandidateLocalesEquals(String l1, String l2) {
+        assertEquals(
+                LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(Locale.forLanguageTag(l1)),
+                LocaleUtils.getCandidateLocales(Locale.forLanguageTag(l2))
+        );
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testGetCandidateLocales() {
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh", List.of("zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-CN", List.of("zh-Hans-CN", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-SG", List.of("zh-Hans-SG", "zh-Hans", "zh-SG", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-MY", List.of("zh-Hans-MY", "zh-Hans", "zh-MY", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-US", List.of("zh-Hans-US", "zh-Hans", "zh-US", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-TW", List.of("zh-Hant-TW", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-HK", List.of("zh-Hant-HK", "zh-Hant", "zh-HK", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-MO", List.of("zh-Hant-MO", "zh-Hant", "zh-MO", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hans", List.of("zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hant", List.of("zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hans-US", List.of("zh-Hans-US", "zh-Hans", "zh-US", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hant-CN", List.of("zh-Hant-CN", "zh-Hant", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hans-TW", List.of("zh-Hans-TW", "zh-Hans", "zh-TW", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Latn", List.of("zh-Latn", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Latn-CN", List.of("zh-Latn-CN", "zh-Latn", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zh-pinyin", List.of("zh-Latn-pinyin", "zh-Latn", "zh-pinyin", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("zho", List.of("zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+        // English
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("en", List.of("en-Latn", "en", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("en-US", List.of("en-Latn-US", "en-Latn", "en-US", "en", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("en", "eng");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("en-US", "eng-US");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("und", "en");
+
+        // Spanish
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("es", List.of("es-Latn", "es", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("es", "spa");
+
+        // Japanese
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("ja", List.of("ja-Jpan", "ja", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("ja-JP", List.of("ja-Jpan-JP", "ja-Jpan", "ja-JP", "ja", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("ja", "jpn");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("ja-JP", "jpn-JP");
+
+        // Russian
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("ru", List.of("ru-Cyrl", "ru", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("ru", "rus");
+
+        // Ukrainian
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("uk", List.of("uk-Cyrl", "uk", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("uk", "ukr");
+
+        // Chinese
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh", List.of("cmn-Hans", "cmn", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-CN", List.of("cmn-Hans-CN", "cmn-Hans", "cmn-CN", "cmn", "zh-Hans-CN", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-SG", List.of("cmn-Hans-SG", "cmn-Hans", "cmn-SG", "cmn", "zh-Hans-SG", "zh-Hans", "zh-SG", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-TW", List.of("cmn-Hant-TW", "cmn-Hant", "cmn-TW", "cmn", "zh-Hant-TW", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-HK", List.of("cmn-Hant-HK", "cmn-Hant", "cmn-HK", "cmn", "zh-Hant-HK", "zh-Hant", "zh-HK", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-Hant-CN", List.of("cmn-Hant-CN", "cmn-Hant", "cmn-CN", "cmn", "zh-Hant-CN", "zh-Hant", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "zh", "und"));
+
+        assertCandidateLocales("zh-pinyin", List.of("cmn-Latn-pinyin", "cmn-Latn", "cmn-pinyin", "cmn", "zh-Latn-pinyin", "zh-Latn", "zh-pinyin", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
+
         assertCandidateLocales("lzh", List.of("lzh-Hant", "lzh", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("lzh-Hant", List.of("lzh-Hant", "lzh", "zh-Hant", "zh-TW", "zh", "zh-CN", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("lzh-Hans", List.of("lzh-Hans", "lzh", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("cmn", List.of("cmn-Hans", "cmn", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("cmn-Hans", List.of("cmn-Hans", "cmn", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
         assertCandidateLocales("yue", List.of("yue-Hans", "yue", "zh-Hans", "zh-CN", "zh", "und"));
 
-        assertCandidateLocales("ja", List.of("ja", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("jpn", List.of("ja", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("ja-JP", List.of("ja-JP", "ja", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("jpn-JP", List.of("ja-JP", "ja", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("en", List.of("en", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("eng", List.of("en", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("en-US", List.of("en-US", "en", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("eng-US", List.of("en-US", "en", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("es", List.of("es", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("spa", List.of("es", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("ru", List.of("ru", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("rus", List.of("ru", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("uk", List.of("uk", "und"));
-        assertCandidateLocales("ukr", List.of("uk", "und"));
-
-        assertCandidateLocales("und", List.of("en", "und"));
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh", "cmn-Hans");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-CN", "cmn-Hans-CN");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-SG", "cmn-Hans-SG");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-MY", "cmn-Hans-MY");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-TW", "cmn-Hant-TW");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-HK", "cmn-Hant-HK");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hans", "cmn-Hans");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hant", "cmn-Hant");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hant-CN", "cmn-Hant-CN");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Hant-SG", "cmn-Hant-SG");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-Latn", "cmn-Latn");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zh-pinyin", "cmn-Latn-pinyin");
+        assertCandidateLocalesEquals("zho", "zh");
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -134,7 +154,9 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
         assertEquals("Hant", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("lzh-Hant")));
         assertEquals("Hant", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("lzh-CN")));
 
+        assertEquals("Latn", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("en")));
         assertEquals("Latn", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-pinyin")));
+        assertEquals("Latn", LocaleUtils.getScript(Locale.forLanguageTag("ja-hepburn")));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -192,20 +214,17 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testMapToISO2Language() {
-        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("eng"));
-        assertEquals("es", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("spa"));
-        assertEquals("ja", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("jpn"));
-        assertEquals("ru", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("rus"));
-        assertEquals("uk", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("ukr"));
-        assertEquals("zh", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("zho"));
-        assertEquals("zu", LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("zul"));
-
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language(null));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language(""));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("cmn"));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("lzh"));
-        assertNull(LocaleUtils.mapToISO2Language("tlh"));
+    public void testNormalizeLanguage() {
+        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage(""));
+        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("eng"));
+        assertEquals("es", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("spa"));
+        assertEquals("ja", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("jpn"));
+        assertEquals("ru", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("rus"));
+        assertEquals("uk", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("ukr"));
+        assertEquals("zh", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("zho"));
+        assertEquals("zu", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("zul"));
+        assertEquals("en", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage(""));
+        assertEquals("cmn", LocaleUtils.normalizeLanguage("cmn"));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -228,10 +247,11 @@ public final class LocaleUtilsTest {
         assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh")));
         assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-Hans")));
         assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("zh-CN")));
-        assertEquals(TextDirection.LEFT_TO_RIGHT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("ar-Qabs")));
 
         assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("en-Qabs")));
         assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("ar")));
         assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("ara")));
+        assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("he")));
+        assertEquals(TextDirection.RIGHT_TO_LEFT, LocaleUtils.getTextDirection(Locale.forLanguageTag("heb")));
     }
 }
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index b3b3fe7ca..2c72a13ce 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.ci.CheckUpdate
 import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.docs.UpdateDocuments
+import org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n.ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry
 
 plugins {
     id("checkstyle")
@@ -76,6 +77,12 @@ org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.javafx.JavaFXUtils.register(rootProject)
 
 defaultTasks("clean", "build")
 
+tasks.register<ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry>("parseLanguageSubtagRegistry") {
+    languageSubtagRegistryFile.set(layout.projectDirectory.file("language-subtag-registry"))
+
+    sublanguagesFile.set(layout.projectDirectory.file("HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/sublanguages.csv"))
+    defaultScriptFile.set(layout.projectDirectory.file("HMCLCore/src/main/resources/assets/lang/default_script.csv"))
+}
 
 tasks.register<UpdateDocuments>("updateDocuments") {
     documentsDir.set(layout.projectDirectory.dir("docs"))
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/l10n/LocalizationUtils.java b/buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/l10n/LocalizationUtils.java
index 805c5f167..f0f4da4b8 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/l10n/LocalizationUtils.java
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/l10n/LocalizationUtils.java
@@ -19,36 +19,42 @@ package org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n;
 
 import org.gradle.api.GradleException;
 
-import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.*;
 
 final class LocalizationUtils {
-    public static final Map<String, String> subLanguageToParent;
+    public static final Map<String, String> subLanguageToParent = loadCSV("sublanguages.csv");
 
-    static {
-        InputStream input = LocalizationUtils.class.getResourceAsStream("sublanguages.csv");
-        if (input == null)
-            throw new GradleException("Missing sublanguages.csv file");
-
-        Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
-        try (input) {
-            new String(input.readAllBytes()).lines()
-                    .filter(line -> !line.startsWith("#") && !line.isBlank())
-                    .forEach(line -> {
-                        String[] languages = line.split(",");
-                        if (languages.length < 2)
-                            throw new GradleException("Invalid line in sublanguages.csv: " + line);
-
-                        String parent = languages[0];
-                        for (int i = 1; i < languages.length; i++) {
-                            map.put(languages[i], parent);
-                        }
-                    });
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new GradleException("Failed to read sublanguages.csv", e);
+    private static Map<String, String> loadCSV(String fileName) {
+        InputStream resource = LocalizationUtils.class.getResourceAsStream(fileName);
+        if (resource == null) {
+            throw new GradleException("Resource not found: " + fileName);
         }
-        subLanguageToParent = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
+
+        HashMap<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();
+        try (resource) {
+            new String(resource.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).lines().forEach(line -> {
+                if (line.startsWith("#") || line.isBlank())
+                    return;
+
+                String[] items = line.split(",");
+                if (items.length < 2) {
+                    throw new GradleException("Invalid line in sublanguages.csv: " + line);
+                }
+
+                String parent = items[0];
+                for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
+                    result.put(items[i], parent);
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (RuntimeException | Error e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            throw new GradleException("Failed to load " + fileName, e);
+        }
+
+        return Map.copyOf(result);
     }
 
     private static List<String> resolveLanguage(String language) {
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/l10n/ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry.java b/buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/l10n/ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75ada0854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/java/org/jackhuang/hmcl/gradle/l10n/ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry.java
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/*
+ * Hello Minecraft! Launcher
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 huangyuhui <huanghongxun2008@126.com> and contributors
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jackhuang.hmcl.gradle.l10n;
+
+import org.gradle.api.DefaultTask;
+import org.gradle.api.GradleException;
+import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.InputFile;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputFile;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskAction;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/// @author Glavo
+/// @see [language-subtag-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry)
+public abstract class ParseLanguageSubtagRegistry extends DefaultTask {
+
+    @InputFile
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getLanguageSubtagRegistryFile();
+
+    @OutputFile
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getSublanguagesFile();
+
+    /// CSV file storing the mapping from subtag to their default scripts.
+    @OutputFile
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getDefaultScriptFile();
+
+    @TaskAction
+    public void run() throws IOException {
+        List<Item> items;
+
+        try (var reader = Files.newBufferedReader(getLanguageSubtagRegistryFile().getAsFile().get().toPath())) {
+            var builder = new ItemsBuilder();
+            builder.parse(reader);
+            items = builder.items;
+        }
+
+        MultiMap scriptToSubtag = new MultiMap();
+        MultiMap languageToSub = new MultiMap();
+
+        // Classical Chinese should use Traditional Chinese characters by default
+        scriptToSubtag.add("Hant", "lzh");
+
+        for (Item item : items) {
+            String type = item.firstValueOrThrow("Type");
+            if (type.equals("grandfathered") || type.equals("redundant")
+                    || !item.allValues("Deprecated").isEmpty())
+                continue;
+
+            String subtag = item.firstValueOrThrow("Subtag");
+
+            mainSwitch:
+            switch (type) {
+                case "language", "extlang" -> {
+                    item.firstValue("Macrolanguage")
+                            .ifPresent(macroLang -> languageToSub.add(macroLang, subtag));
+
+                    item.firstValue("Suppress-Script")
+                            .ifPresent(script -> scriptToSubtag.add(script, subtag));
+                }
+                case "variant" -> {
+                    List<String> prefixes = item.allValues("Prefix");
+                    String defaultScript = null;
+                    for (String prefix : prefixes) {
+                        String script = Locale.forLanguageTag(prefix).getScript();
+                        if (script.isEmpty()) {
+                            break mainSwitch;
+                        }
+
+                        if (defaultScript == null) {
+                            defaultScript = script;
+                        } else {
+                            if (!defaultScript.equals(script)) {
+                                break mainSwitch;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (defaultScript != null) {
+                        scriptToSubtag.add(defaultScript, subtag);
+                    }
+                }
+                case "region", "script" -> {
+                    // ignored
+                }
+                default -> throw new GradleException(String.format("Unknown subtag type: %s", type));
+            }
+        }
+
+        languageToSub.saveToCSV(getSublanguagesFile());
+        scriptToSubtag.saveToCSV(getDefaultScriptFile());
+    }
+
+    private static final class MultiMap {
+        private final TreeMap<String, Set<String>> allValues = new TreeMap<>(TAG_COMPARATOR);
+
+        void add(String key, String value) {
+            allValues.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new TreeSet<>(TAG_COMPARATOR)).add(value);
+        }
+
+        void saveToCSV(RegularFileProperty csvFile) throws IOException {
+            try (var writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(csvFile.getAsFile().get().toPath(),
+                    StandardOpenOption.CREATE,
+                    StandardOpenOption.TRUNCATE_EXISTING)) {
+
+                for (Map.Entry<String, Set<String>> entry : allValues.entrySet()) {
+                    String key = entry.getKey();
+                    Set<String> values = entry.getValue();
+
+                    writer.write(key);
+
+                    for (String value : values) {
+                        writer.write(',');
+                        writer.write(value);
+                    }
+
+                    writer.newLine();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class Item {
+        final Map<String, List<String>> values = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+        public @NotNull List<String> allValues(String name) {
+            return values.getOrDefault(name, List.of());
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Optional<String> firstValue(String name) {
+            return Optional.ofNullable(values.get(name)).map(it -> it.get(0));
+        }
+
+        public @Nullable String firstValueOrNull(String name) {
+            return firstValue(name).orElse(null);
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull String firstValueOrThrow(String name) {
+            return firstValue(name).orElseThrow(() -> new GradleException("No value found for " + name + " in " + this));
+        }
+
+        public void put(String name, String value) {
+            values.computeIfAbsent(name, ignored -> new ArrayList<>(1)).add(value);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner("\n");
+
+            values.forEach((name, values) -> {
+                for (String value : values) {
+                    joiner.add(name + ": " + value);
+                }
+            });
+
+            return joiner.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class ItemsBuilder {
+        private final List<Item> items = new ArrayList<>(1024);
+        private Item current = new Item();
+        private String currentName = null;
+        private String currentValue = null;
+
+        private void updateCurrent() {
+            if (currentName != null) {
+                current.put(currentName, currentValue);
+                currentName = null;
+                currentValue = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateItems() throws IOException {
+            updateCurrent();
+
+            if (current.values.isEmpty())
+                return;
+
+            if (current.firstValue("Type").isEmpty()) {
+                if (current.firstValue("File-Date").isPresent()) {
+                    current.values.clear();
+                    return;
+                } else {
+                    throw new GradleException("Invalid item: " + current);
+                }
+            }
+
+            items.add(current);
+            current = new Item();
+        }
+
+        void parse(BufferedReader reader) throws IOException {
+            Pattern linePattern = Pattern.compile("^(?<name>[A-Za-z\\-]+): (?<value>.*)$");
+
+            String line;
+            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                if (line.isBlank()) {
+                    continue;
+                } else if (line.equals("%%")) {
+                    updateItems();
+                } else if (line.startsWith("  ")) {
+                    if (currentValue != null) {
+                        currentValue = currentValue + " " + line;
+                    } else {
+                        throw new GradleException("Invalid line: " + line);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    updateCurrent();
+
+                    Matcher matcher = linePattern.matcher(line);
+                    if (matcher.matches()) {
+                        currentName = matcher.group("name");
+                        currentValue = matcher.group("value");
+                    } else {
+                        throw new GradleException("Invalid line: " + line);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            updateItems();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final Comparator<String> TAG_COMPARATOR = (lang1, lang2) -> {
+        if (lang1.length() != lang2.length())
+            return Integer.compare(lang1.length(), lang2.length());
+        else
+            return lang1.compareTo(lang2);
+    };
+}
diff --git a/docs/Localization_zh.md b/docs/Localization_zh.md
index 1df599346..f57d23c85 100644
--- a/docs/Localization_zh.md
+++ b/docs/Localization_zh.md
@@ -27,19 +27,17 @@ HMCL 为多种语言提供本地化支持。
 
 HMCL 使用符合 IETF BCP 47 规范的语言标签。
 
-对于 ISO 639 标准中定义的语言，如果同时存在两字母语言代码和三字母语言代码，那么应当优先选择两字母语言代码。
+在选择语言标签时，我们会遵循以下原则:
 
-例如，对于英语，我们使用 `en` 而不是 `eng` 作为语言代码。
+1. 对于 ISO 639 标准中定义的语言，如果已经在 [IANA 语言子标签注册表](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry)中注册，我们总是使用经过注册的标签。
 
-对于 Minecraft 所定义的非标准语言，应当优先使用语言文件的 `language.code` 中定义的代码，而非游戏语言文件的名称
-(但对于存在两字母代码的语言，应当将三字母语言代码替换为对应的两字母语言代码)。
-这是因为 Minecraft 有时候会用现实中实际存在的国家/地区代码来表示虚构语言 (比如说海盗英语的语言文件为 `en_pt`，但 `PT` 其实是葡萄牙的国家代码)。
+   例如，对于英语，我们使用 `en` 而不是 `eng` 作为语言代码。
 
-例如，对于颠倒的英语，我们使用 `en-Qabs` 作为语言代码，而不是 `en-UD`。
+2. 对于 Minecraft 所定义的非标准语言，应当优先使用语言文件的 `language.code` 中定义的代码，而非游戏语言文件的名称。
 
-此外，语言代码中应当尽可能选择地区中立的语言标签。
+   这是因为 Minecraft 有时候会用现实中实际存在的国家/地区代码来表示虚构语言 (比如说海盗英语的语言文件为 `en_pt`，但 `PT` 其实是葡萄牙的国家代码)。
 
-例如，对于简体中文和繁体中文，我们使用 `zh-Hans`和 `zh-Hant` 作为语言代码，而不是 `zh-CN` 和 `zh-TW`。
+   例如，对于颠倒的英语，我们使用 `en-Qabs` 作为语言代码，而不是 `en-UD`。
 
 </details>
 
@@ -106,7 +104,7 @@ HMCL 的绝大多数文本都位于这个文件中，翻译此文件就能翻译
 这是一个 Java Properties 文件，格式非常简单。
 在翻译前请先阅读该格式的介绍: [Properties 文件](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.properties)。
 
-作为翻译的第一步，请从[这张表格](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639_language_codes)中查询这个语言对应的两字母或三字母语言标签。
+作为翻译的第一步，请从[这张表格](https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry)中查询这个语言对应的两字母或三字母语言标签。
 例如，英语的语言标签为 `en`。
 
 在确定了语言标签后，请在 [`I18N.properties` 文件旁](../HMCL/src/main/resources/assets/lang)创建 `I18N_<语言标签>.properites` (例如 `I18N_en.properties`) 文件。
@@ -169,12 +167,62 @@ HMCL 的维护者会替你完成其他步骤。
 对于某个语言下的缺失的资源，HMCL 支持一套资源回退机制，会根据不同的语言标签推导出一个搜索列表，
 根据该列表依次搜索资源。
 
-例如，如果当前环境的语言标签为 `en-US`，那么 HMCL 会根据以下列表的顺序搜索对应的本地化资源:
+在搜索前，我们会先通过以下步骤对语言标签进行细化推导。
 
-1. `en-US`
+1. 归一化语言代码
+
+   如果当前语言标签中的语言代码子标签未在 IANA 语言子标签注册表中进行注册，HMCL 会先尝试将其映射为注册表中已注册的标签。
+
+   例如，HMCL会将语言代码 `eng` 替换为 `en`。
+
+2. 映射宏语言至子语言
+
+   如果当前语言代码是一个 [ISO 639 宏语言](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage)，
+   且该宏语言通常指代某个个体语言，HMCL 会将其替换为该个体语言。
+
+   例如 `zh` (中文) 通常实际指代 `cmn` (官话)，所以我们会将语言代码 `zh` 替换为 `cmn`。
+
+3. 推导拼写脚本
+
+   如果当前语言标签中未指定拼写脚本，HMCL 会依次根据以下规则尝试推导拼写脚本:
+
+   1. 如果当前语言标签指定了语言变体，该语言变体已在 IANA 语言子标签注册表中，
+      且注册表中其所有 `Prefix` 都包含相同的拼写脚本，则将当前拼写脚本指定为该脚本。
+
+      例如，如果当前语言变体为 `pinyin` (汉语拼音)，则当前拼写脚本会被指定为 `Latn` (拉丁文)。
+
+   2. 如果当前语言代码在 IANA 语言子标签注册表中被指定了 `Suppress-Script`，则将当前拼写脚本指定为该脚本。
+
+      例如，如果当前语言代码为 `en` (英语)，则当前拼写脚本会被指定为 `Latn` (拉丁文);
+      如果当前语言代码为 `ru` (俄语)，则当前拼写脚本会被指定为 `Cyrl` (西里尔文)。
+
+   3. 如果当前语言代码是 `lzh` (文言)，则将当前拼写脚本指定为 `Hant` (繁体汉字)。
+
+   4. 如果当前语言代码是 `zh` 或 `zh` 的子语言，则检查当前国家/地区代码是否为 `TW`、`HK`、`MO` 之一。
+      如果结果为真，则将当前拼写脚本指定为 `Hant` (繁体汉字)；否则将当前拼写脚本指定为 `Hans` (简体汉字)。
+
+在对语言代码细化推导完成后，HMCL 会开始根据此语言标签推导出一个语言标签列表。
+
+例如，对于语言标签 `en-US`，HMCL 会将其细化为 `en-Latn-US`，并据此推导出以下搜索列表:
+
+1. `en-Latn-US`
+2. `en-Latn`
+3. `en-US`
 2. `en`
 3. `und`
 
+对于语言标签 `zh-CN`，HMCL 会将其细化为 `cmn-Hans-CN`，并据此推导出以下搜索列表:
+
+1. `cmn-Hans-CN`
+2. `cmn-Hans`
+3. `cmn-CN`
+4. `cmn`
+5. `zh-Hans-CN`
+6. `zh-Hans`
+7. `zh-CN`
+8. `zh`
+9. `und`
+
 对于能够混合的资源 (例如 `.properties` 文件)，HMCL 会根据此列表的优先级混合资源；
 对于难以混合的资源 (例如字体文件)，HMCL 会根据此列表加载找到的最高优先级的资源。
 
@@ -182,35 +230,33 @@ HMCL 的维护者会替你完成其他步骤。
 
 例如，如果当前环境的语言标签为 `eng-US`，那么 HMCL 会将其映射至 `en-US` 后再根据上述规则搜索本地化资源。
 
-如果当前语言是一个 [ISO 639 宏语言](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage)的子语言，那么 HMCL 也会搜索宏语言对应的资源。
-
 ### 对于中文的额外规则
 
-对于中文 (以及其子语言标签，例如文言文 (`lzh`)、普通话 (`cmn`)、粤语 (`yue`) 等等)，HMCL 有着额外的支持。
-
-如果当前环境的语言为中文 (及其子语言)，且未指定书写脚本，那么 HMCL 会根据语言和地区标签推导出默认的书写脚本。
-
-对于语言为 `lzh` 或地区为 `TW`、`HK`、`MO` 的情况，默认书写脚本为繁体中文 (`Hant`)；
-而对于其他语言和地区，默认书写脚本为简体中文 (`Hans`)。
-
-此外，HMCL 会将 `zh-CN` 加入所有中文环境的搜索列表中，将 `zh-TW` 加入所有繁体中文环境的搜索列表中，
-从而适应更多场景。
+HMCL 总是会将 `zh-CN` 加入所有中文环境的搜索列表中，将 `zh-TW` 加入所有繁体中文环境的搜索列表中。
 
 以下是几个常见中文环境对应的本地化资源搜索列表。
 
 - `zh-CN`:
-    1. `zh-Hans-CN`
-    2. `zh-Hans`
-    3. `zh-CN`
-    4. `zh`
-    5. `und`
+    1. `cmn-Hans-CN`
+    2. `cmn-Hans`
+    3. `cmn-CN`
+    4. `cmn`
+    5. `zh-Hans-CN`
+    6. `zh-Hans`
+    7. `zh-CN`
+    8. `zh`
+    9. `und`
 - `zh-SG`:
-    1. `zh-Hans-SG`
-    2. `zh-Hans`
-    3. `zh-SG`
-    4. `zh-CN`
-    5. `zh`
-    6. `und`
+    1.  `cmn-Hans-SG`
+    2.  `cmn-Hans`
+    3.  `cmn-SG`
+    4.  `cmn`
+    5.  `zh-Hans-SG`
+    6.  `zh-Hans`
+    7.  `zh-SG`
+    8.  `zh-CN`
+    9.  `zh`
+    10. `und`
 - `zh-TW`:
     1. `zh-Hant-TW`
     2. `zh-Hant`
@@ -219,19 +265,25 @@ HMCL 的维护者会替你完成其他步骤。
     5. `zh-CN`
     6. `und`
 - `zh-HK`:
-    1. `zh-Hant-HK`
-    2. `zh-Hant`
-    3. `zh-HK`
-    4. `zh-TW`
-    5. `zh`
-    6. `zh-CN`
-    7. `und`
+    1.  `cmn-Hant-HK`
+    2.  `cmn-Hant`
+    3.  `cmn-HK`
+    4.  `cmn`
+    5.  `zh-Hant-HK`
+    6.  `zh-Hant`
+    7.  `zh-HK`
+    8.  `zh-TW`
+    9.  `zh`
+    10. `zh-CN`
+    11. `und`
 - `lzh`:
     1. `lzh-Hant`
     2. `lzh`
     3. `zh-Hant`
-    4. `zh`
-    5. `und`
+    4. `zh-TW`
+    5. `zh`
+    6. `zh-CN`
+    7. `und`
 
 ## 自动同步文档内容